{"doc_desc":{"title":"Migrations between Africa and Europe - MAFE Senegal (2008)","idno":"IE0216A 10.48756\/ined-IE0216A-4455","producers":[{"name":"MORISSET Amandine","abbreviation":"","affiliation":"Service des enqu\u00eates et des sondages, Ined","role":""}],"version_statement":{"version":"Version 1.2 (2015-04-13)\nVersion 2.0 (2021-08-25) : Mise en conformit\u00e9 avec le CESSDA, enrichissement des m\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es","version_date":"2021-08-25"}},"study_desc":{"title_statement":{"idno":"IE0216A","title":"Migrations between Africa and Europe - MAFE Senegal (2008)","alt_title":"MAFE Senegal","translated_title":"Migrations entre l'Afrique et l'Europe - MAFE S\u00e9n\u00e9gal (2008)"},"authoring_entity":[{"name":"BEAUCHEMIN Cris","affiliation":"Ined"}],"oth_id":[{"name":"AMETEPE Fofo","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"BAIZAN Pau","affiliation":"UPF","email":"","role":"Project coordinator \/ Trainer (Spain questionnaire)"},{"name":"BRINGE Arnaud","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"CASTAGNONE Eleonora","affiliation":"FIERI","email":"","role":"Project coordinator \/ Trainer (Italy questionnaire)"},{"name":"DAURELE Catherine","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":"Coordination assistant"},{"name":"DIAGNE Alioune","affiliation":"IPDSR","email":"","role":"Trainer (Senegal household and biographic questionnaire)"},{"name":"FLAHAUX Marie-Laurence","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"GASPARETTI Fedora","affiliation":"FIERI","email":"","role":"Trainer (Italy questionnaire)"},{"name":"GONZALEZ-FERRER Amparo","affiliation":"UPF \/ CSIC","email":"","role":"Project coordinator \/ Trainer (Spain questionnaire)"},{"name":"KABBANJI Lama","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"KRAUS Elisabeth","affiliation":"CSIC","email":"","role":""},{"name":"LAURENT Rapha\u00ebl","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"LEJBOWICZ Tania","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"LESSAULT David","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":"Trainer (Senegal biographic questionnaire)"},{"name":"LIU Mao-Mei","affiliation":"UPF","email":"","role":"Trainer (Spain questionnaire)"},{"name":"MEZGER Cora","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"MORO Anastasia","affiliation":"DOXA","email":"","role":"Trainer (Italy questionnaire)"},{"name":"NAPPA Jocelyn","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"NAZIO Tiziana","affiliation":"FIERI","email":"","role":""},{"name":"OBUCINA Ognjen","affiliation":"UPF","email":"","role":""},{"name":"PASTORE Ferrucio","affiliation":"FIERI","email":"","role":""},{"name":"QUAGLIA Martine","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":"Trainer (Senegal household questionnaire)"},{"name":"RAZAFINDRATSIMA Nicolas","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"REDA V.","affiliation":"DOXA","email":"","role":"Trainer (Italy questionnaire)"},{"name":"ROUGIER Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","affiliation":"CSA","email":"","role":"Trainer (France questionnaire)"},{"name":"SAKHO Papa","affiliation":"IPDSR","email":"","role":"Project coordinator"},{"name":"THEVENIN Marc","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"TOMA Sorana","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"VICKSTROM Erik","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":""},{"name":"VIVIER G\u00e9raldine","affiliation":"Ined","email":"","role":"Trainer (Senegal biographic questionnaire \/ France questionnaire \/ Spain questionnaire)"}],"production_statement":{"producers":[{"name":"Institut national d'\u00e9tudes d\u00e9mographiques","affiliation":"","role":""},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar","affiliation":"","role":""},{"name":"Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull'immigrazione (Forum international et europ\u00e9en de recherche sur l'immigration)","affiliation":"","role":""},{"name":"University Pompeu Fabra","affiliation":"","role":""},{"name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (Conseil sup\u00e9rieur de la recherche scientifique)","affiliation":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Education et de la Science (Espagne)","role":""}],"prod_date":"2008","funding_agencies":[{"name":"Seventh Framework Programme (Septi\u00e8me programme-cadre)","abbreviation":"FP7","role":""},{"name":"Institut national d'\u00e9tudes d\u00e9mographiques","abbreviation":"Ined","role":""},{"name":"Agence nationale de la recherche","abbreviation":"ANR","role":""},{"name":"R\u00e9gion Ile de France","abbreviation":"IDF","role":""},{"name":"Programme FSP 2003\u201074 : Migrations internationales, recompositions territoriales et d\u00e9veloppement","abbreviation":"FSP 2003\u201074","role":""}],"grant_no":"217206"},"distribution_statement":{"distributors":[{"name":"Institut national d'\u00e9tudes d\u00e9mographiques","abbreviation":"Ined","affiliation":"","uri":"https:\/\/www.ined.fr\/"}],"distribution_date":"2014-06"},"series_statement":{"series_name":"Migrations between Africa and Europe (MAFE) (2008 \u2013 2010)","series_info":"The MAFE project is a large-scale initiative whishing to study migrations between sub-Saharan Africa and Europe.\n\t\t\nThe MAFE project has produced multi-site, comparative and longitudinal surveys in three African countries (Senegal, Congo, Ghana) and six European countries (Belgium, France, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK). It provides a unique source of data that allows researchers to study the trends, causes and consequences of African migrations. The data collected in African countries can also be used to study other socio-demographic phenomena (family formation, fertility, socio-economic trajectories, etc.).  \n \nBecause migrations are not solely determined by the individual and family levels, the MAFE project also collected data at the national level. These data are gathered in a contextual database which consists of about 100 indicators covering the 9 MAFE countries in areas such as demography, economy, unemployment, education, political context."},"holdings":[{"text":"","location":"","callno":"","uri":"https:\/\/ses-nada.web.ined.fr\/index.php\/catalog\/248"}],"study_notes":"The MAFE project involved 10 organisations representing a wide range of disciplines and institutions. Through the researchers involved, it combined the approaches of demographers, geographers, economists and of socio-anthropologists.\nThe partners brought a combination of quantitative and qualitative skills. Each of the work packages brought together researchers with strong quantitative background and know-how in processing statistical analysis and large-scale data-sets, and researchers with a strong qualitative knowledge on migration patterns and African contexts.\n\nBoth for project organisation and the relevance of project results, it was essential to involve European and African partners on the same footing. In addition to the North\/South balance, attention has been paid to the balance within the receiving countries, between Western European countries and Southern European countries, new and older receiving countries.","study_info":{"keywords":[{"keyword":"Africa","vocab":"","uri":""},{"keyword":"Europe","vocab":"","uri":""},{"keyword":"France","vocab":"","uri":""},{"keyword":"Spain","vocab":"","uri":""},{"keyword":"Italy","vocab":"","uri":""},{"keyword":"Senegal","vocab":"","uri":""},{"keyword":"International migration","vocab":"ELSST","uri":"https:\/\/elsst.cessda.eu\/id\/94feea64-93f8-40c3-acd0-23c197ff6421"},{"keyword":"International migration","vocab":"ELSST","uri":"https:\/\/elsst.cessda.eu\/id\/94feea64-93f8-40c3-acd0-23c197ff6421"},{"keyword":"Emigration","vocab":"ELSST","uri":"https:\/\/elsst.cessda.eu\/id\/5e868e71-e887-4487-b79e-11cda0b34eff"},{"keyword":"Immigration","vocab":"ELSST","uri":"https:\/\/elsst.cessda.eu\/id\/ebf35305-df80-4770-8bfe-2311389c5331"}],"topics":[{"topic":"World migrations, discrimination, integration","vocab":"Ined","uri":"https:\/\/www.ined.fr\/fr\/recherche\/enquetes\/enquetes-ined\/#theme-4"},{"topic":"Economic conditions and indicators","vocab":"CESSDA Topic Classification","uri":"https:\/\/vocabularies.cessda.eu\/vocabulary\/TopicClassification"},{"topic":"Cultural and national identity","vocab":"CESSDA Topic Classification","uri":"https:\/\/vocabularies.cessda.eu\/vocabulary\/TopicClassification"},{"topic":"Migration","vocab":"CESSDA Topic Classification","uri":"https:\/\/vocabularies.cessda.eu\/vocabulary\/TopicClassification"}],"abstract":"Le projet de recherche MAFE est une initiative de grande ampleur dont l'objectif est d'\u00e9tudier les migrations entre l'Afrique subsaharienne et l'Europe. - Attention, la documentation des enqu\u00eates MAFE est en langue anglaise. -\n\n__________\n\n\nThe MAFE project is a major research initiative focused on migration between Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. It brings together ten European and African research centres working on international migration.\n\nIn the early XXIth Century, international migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Europe has generated increasing public and policy attention. The flotilla of boats bringing would-be migrants to the Canary Islands, and attempts to reach Spanish territory in Ceuta and Mellila have drawn a rapid response from Europe in the form of new policy measures. Yet the scope, nature and likely development of Sub-Saharan African migration to Europe remained poorly understood, and, as a result, European polices may be ineffective. A major cause of this lack of understanding was the absence of comprehensive data on the causes of migration and circulation between Africa and Europe.\n\nThe MAFE project aimed at overcoming this lack of understanding by collecting unique data on the characteristics and behavior of migrants from Sub-Saharan countries to Europe. The key notion underpinning the project was that migration must not only be seen as a one-way flow from Africa to Europe. The argument was that return migration, circulation and transnational practices are significant and must be understood in order to design better migration policy.\n\nThe MAFE project focused on migration flows between Europe (Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK) and Senegal, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana, which together accounted for over a quarter of all African migration to the EU at the time of the survey. In each of these \"migration systems\", the survey was designed to document four key areas:\n     - Patterns of migration :\n               *the socio-demographic characteristics of migrants,\n               *the routes of migration from Africa to Europe, and\n               *the patterns of return migration and circulation.\n     - Determinants of migration: looking at departure, but also return and circulation and taking into account the whole set of possible destinations.\n     - Migration and Development: MAFE documents some of the socio-economic changes driven by international migration, looking as often as possible at both ends of the Afro-European migration system, at the individual level.\n     - Migrations and Families: the data collected by the MAFE project can be used to study all sorts of interactions between family formation and international migration. Although the survey was primarily designed to study international migration, it can also be used to study other phenomena, especially in Africa: domestic mobility, labor market participation, family formation, etc.\nComparable data was collected in both 3 sending and 6 destination countries, i.e. in sub-Saharan Africa and in Europe. The data are longitudinal - including retrospective migration, education, work and family histories for individuals - and multi-level - (with data collected at the individual and household levels, in addition of macro-contextual data).\n     \nPlease consult the official MAFE website for further details : https:\/\/mafeproject.site.ined.fr\/en\/","time_periods":[{"start":"2008","end":"2008","cycle":""}],"coll_dates":[{"start":"2007-07","end":"2007-08","cycle":"Senegal pilot survey"},{"start":"2008-01","end":"2008-06","cycle":"Senegal (Dakar) survey"},{"start":"2008-03","end":"2008-07","cycle":"France survey"},{"start":"2008-03","end":"2008-06","cycle":"Italy survey"},{"start":"2008-05","end":"2008-06","cycle":"Spain survey"}],"nation":[{"name":"France","abbreviation":"FR"},{"name":"Italy","abbreviation":"IT"},{"name":"Senegal","abbreviation":"SN"},{"name":"Spain","abbreviation":"ES"}],"geog_coverage":"Six European countries and three African countries participated in the MAFE surveys. Data collection was carried out in both sending countries in Africa and destination countries in Europe, in order to constitute transnational samples.\nFor MAFE Senegal, data was collected in Senegal (African part) and France, Italy and Spain (European part).","analysis_unit":"Individual Household","universe":"SENEGAL\nHousehold: Households selected randomly from the updated list of households in the selected primary sampling units. Two strata were distinguished: the households with migrants and those without migrants.\nIndividual: People aged 25-75 at the time of the survey, born in Senegal and who have\/had Senegalese citizenship. This lower age limit was set in order to obtain informative life histories. By not including respondents younger than 25, the resources were used more effectively. The place of birth criterion was used to exclude people who were born out of their country of origin in order to exclude second generation migrants in Europe and to increase the homogeneity of sample.\nUp to two return migrants and partners of migrants, and one randomly selected other eligible person. Return migrants were eligible if their first departure was above at 18 or over. \n\nEUROPE\nIn all the European countries, the surveys were conducted among males and females who were aged 25 and over at the time of the surveys, and who were 18 or over when they had left Africa for the first time for at least one year. For MAFE Senegal, only migrants from Senegal were interviewed. This was a way to reinforce the homogeneity of the sample by excluding people of the 1.5 generation who are often \"passive\" migrants.\n\nIn theory, surveyed individuals must be representative of the whole population with these characteristics in the departure region and in the destination countries. The sample is composed of males and females. In Europe, in spite of a gender demographic disequilibrium, the objective was to include 50% of males and 50% of females in order to allow gender analyses.","data_kind":"survey data"},"method":{"data_collection":{"time_method":"Cross-section","data_collectors":[{"name":"Institut National d'Etudes D\u00e9mographiques","abbreviation":"Ined","affiliation":"France"},{"name":"Institut de Population D\u00e9veloppement et Sant\u00e9 de la Reproduction","abbreviation":"IPDSR","affiliation":"Senegal"},{"name":"CSA","abbreviation":"","affiliation":"France"},{"name":"Istituto per le Ricerche Statistiche e l'Analisi dell'Opinione Pubblica","abbreviation":"DOXA","affiliation":"Italy"},{"name":"Metroscopia","abbreviation":"","affiliation":"Spain"}],"frequency":"SENEGAL\nIn Senegal, data collection activities started in November 2007 (selection of survey sites in Dakar and listing of households in the selected sites). They ended in September 2008 (data entry and data cleaning). Overall, 11 months were necessary to carry out all the activities related to data collection, and fieldwork lasted a little less than 6 months.\nData collection was organized in two separate stages: the household survey was first conducted, and the biographic survey started after the household survey had been completed. The data collected in the household survey was used to prepare a sampling frame of individuals for the biographic survey; quick data entry of part of the questionnaires of the household survey was thus necessary before starting data collection for the biographic survey. Although this approach had advantages, it also lengthened the data collection process. This approach was not used for surveys in Ghana and DR Congo, where both surveys were conducted simultaneously.\n\nEUROPE\nIn France, Italy and Spain the surveys were conducted in 2008, before the start of the EU funded project. Data collection activities lasted approximately 6 months.\nNote: A second round was carried in Spain in 2010. About 400 Senegalese migrants were interviewed using exactly the same questionnaire. The data will be released in the future. For more information, contact: pau.baizan@upf.edu","sampling_procedure":"Probability: Stratified\n\t\t\n\t\tSENEGAL\nA three-stage stratified random sample was used. At the first stage, primary sampling units (census district) were selected randomly with varying probabilities. At the second stage, households were selected randomly in each of the selected primary sampling units (PSUs). At the third stage, individuals were selected within the households.\na) Selection of primary sampling units (first stage)\nIn the Senegal survey, the sample was designed to be probabilistic and representative of the Dakar region, and at the same time to maximize the chance of reaching households 'affected' by international migration (rare population). The sampling frame used to select the primary sampling units was the 2002 Population Census. The census districts (CD) -which are usually used as the primary sampling units in surveys in Senegal - have an average size of 100 households in urban areas. 60 primary sampling units were randomly selected at the first stage. This number of primary sampling units allows reaching a balance between a large dispersion of households (which decreases sampling errors) and a more concentrated sample (which reduces costs).\nThe region of Dakar was divided into 10 strata of equal size, according to the % of migrant households within each of them (in average, 11.6% of the households were 'migrants'). 6 CD's per stratum were drawn, with a probability proportional to the number of households within each CD. In other words, census districts with a large number of migrants were more likely to be selected than those with low numbers of migrants. This approach increases the number of migrants interviewed in the individual survey, while still having a probabilistic sample representative of the target area.\nThe listing of the households in the 60 selected primary sampling units was updated in order to select the sample of households. This stage was essential because a lot of changing occurred in some large neighbourhoods of Dakar since the previous census (2002), especially in suburban areas. This counting also allowed distinguishing between households with and without migrants.\nb) Selection of households (second stage)\nThe following approach was used in MAFE-Senegal:\n- Households were selected randomly (using systematic random sampling) from the updated list of households in the selected PSUs. Two strata were distinguished: the households with migrants and those without migrants. A maximum of 50% of households with migrants were drawn in each district. Selected households that could not be reached (absence, refusals,\u2026) were not replaced during the fieldwork. Replacement would distort the computation of sampling weights, and could also lead to bias the sample. To take account of refusals and absences of households, 22 households were selected to reach an effective sample size of 20 households per CD on average (a total of 1 200 households in Dakar region was to be reached).\nc) Selection of individuals (third stage)\nNext, individuals were selected within households for the life history survey. In each household, individuals were classified into 3 strata (which do not overlap):\n- Return migrants, who were aged 18 or over at their (first) departure (or whose age at departure is unknown) ;\n- Spouses\/partners of migrants (if the spouse\/partner is not a return migrant himself\/herself) ;\n- Other people.\nThen, a simple random sample was done in each household to select:\n- Up to 2 return migrants (random selection if more than two in the households, all the return migrants were selected if not more than two in the household)\n- Up to 2 Spouses\/partners of migrants (random selection if more than two in the household)\n- Another individual.\nIn Senegal, an additional condition was that people had the Senegalese citizenship at birth. This condition was dropped in the Ghana and DR Congo surveys.\nTwo types of questionnaires were used in the departure countries: the household questionnaire and the individual life history questionnaire.\n- The first questionnaire was used among a representative sample of households in the target region.\n- The second questionnaire was used among a sample of individuals in the selected households, targeting both return migrants and non-migrants. The household questionnaire was thus used as the sampling frame for the selection of individual respondents.\nEUROPE\nThe objective of the survey was to obtain a sample 'as representative as possible' of the African populations (Congolese, Ghanaian, Senegalese) in the destination countries (150 individuals per origin and destination country). The way the sample was constituted may vary across countries, but some common principles were respected:\n- The composition of the sample should be as close as possible to the population of (Congolese, Ghanaian, Senegalese) migrants in the country in terms of gender, geographic distribution, age, socio-economic category or occupation.\n- One exception: the sample should be gender balanced. Males and females should be equally represented in order to allow gender analyses.\n- Samples in origin and destination may be linked, but migrants with weak or no relationships at origin should not be excluded from the sample.\n- Both documented and undocumented migrants should be represented in the sample.\nFor MAFE Senegal, 200 Senegalese were to be sampled in each country (France, Spain and Italy).\nThe quota method was preferred in France and Italy to collect information on Senegalese migrants. In Spain, a sample of Senegalese migrants was drawn in the Padron. This source appears as a unique sampling opportunity in Europe since it is annually updated and includes all migrants, even the undocumented ones.\nThe Senegalese sample in Europe was made up from two types of samples:\n- a linked sample of respondents, whose contacts were obtained in Senegal through the household survey. The module D of the HH questionnaire was designed to help the collection of contacts. It had to be entered and transmitted securely to the destination countries before data collection started in Europe. The contacts validity was checked before the fieldwork began. For Senegalese in France, 156 contacts were collected but only 54% of them were actually usable (correct contacts but a large amount were not interviewed). In Italy, almost no contact could be used. The efficiency of this method varies a lot according to the context ;\n- an additional sample made up in each country to reach the expected sample size. The size of the additional sample is unknown until the contacts in the origin country have been obtained. The method of selection of this sample varied across countries (selection in a municipal register, through migrant associations, street recruitment, by snowballing methods\u2026).\nRegions were selected to cover the largest possible population of Senegalese in the country.\n* France *\n- Target areas: 3 regions comprising 64% of Senegalese people in France (Ile de France, Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur)\n- Sample size: 201\n- Quotas: By age, gender and socioeconomic status\n- Recruitment methods: Selection from contacts obtained in Senegal, public spaces, migrant associations, snowballing, interviewers' contacts\n* Italy *\n- Target areas: Lombardia, Emilia Romagna, Toscana, Campania\n- Sample size: 205\n- Quotas: By age and gender\n- Recruitment methods: Selection from contacts obtained in Senegal, public spaces, migrant associations, snowballing, interviewers' contacts\n* Spain *\n- Target areas: 12 provinces: Almer\u00eda (Andaluc\u00eda), Alicante & Valencia (Comunidad Valenciana), Barcelona, L\u00e9rida, Tarragona & Gerona (Catalu\u00f1a), Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid), Zaragoza (Arag\u00f3n), Las Palmas (Islas Canarias), Murcia (Comunidad Aut\u00f3noma de Murcia), Baleares (Islas Baleares)\n- Sample size: 200 (+ an additional sample of 400 people expected in 2010)\n- Quotas: Random sample from Padron\n- Recruitment methods: Population register (Padron), contacts obtained in Senegal, interviewers' contacts\n- Note: a quota was imposed and respected: the proportion of interviewed migrants living in areas with a large concentration of Senegalese residents had to be equivalent to the real proportion of Senegalese migrants living in those areas in the selected regions","coll_mode":["Face-to-face interview: Paper-and-pencil (PAPI)\n\t\t\n\t\tThe general strategy was the following one:\n1. A household survey was conducted among a sample of households in the capital cities in Africa (household questionnaire in origin countries);\n2. A life history survey among a sample of individual respondents was conducted in the departure countries (non migrants, return migrants and spouses of migrants). The individual respondents were selected from the households in the origin countries (individual questionnaire in origin countries);\n3. A life history survey was carried out among migrants in destination countries (individual questionnaire in destination countries).\nAll the surveys were done using paper questionnaires through face-to-face interviews.\nSENEGAL\nIn Senegal, the survey was organized in two stages. The first stage consisted in collecting household data. At the end of that stage, selected data of the household questionnaire were entered in order to constitute the sampling frames for individual surveys in Africa and in Europe. The household survey thus precedes the collection of life histories both in Africa and Europe.\nNB: In Senegal, the interviewers who did the work in a household did also the work for the individuals of this precise household. It was a way to create a confidence relationship.\nThe average duration of interviews for the household questionnaire was about 45 minutes-1 hour in Senegal. The average duration of the biographic questionnaire was also around 45 minutes, but it varied greatly depending on the age and migration status of the respondents.\nEUROPE\nIn Europe, the moment for data collection depended on the selection method. In MAFE-Senegal, the fieldwork could start only after completion of the household survey. As a consequence, the fieldwork for the biographic questionnaires was done almost at the same time in all countries.\nThe work of the interviewers included three stages:\no The interviewers first had to set up an appointment with respondents by using the phone contacts or another source of recruitment (except in cases persons were directly available). Interviewers needed to confirm the appointment. The choice of the place and time of the interview were left to the respondents.\no The interview was then done. The average duration of the interviews was approximately 1h45 in France. In most cases, interviews were carried out at the house of the respondents, but it also took places in various places (pubs, street, office\u2026). The interviews were done during weekdays or week-ends, at various times.\no Finally interviewers were asked to read quickly the completed questionnaire as soon as possible after the interview, in order to detect any missing parts or inconsistencies, and correct them on the spot. Approximately one additional hour was necessary for this.\nIn all the countries, the respondents were offered a small gift at the end of the interview. In most countries, this was a calling card. The value of the gift varied between 5 \u20ac (Italy) and \u00a315 (UK). In all the countries, the gift was very much appreciated. Although the gift was offered after the interview, some participants knew in advance they would receive it.\nRecruitment by snowballing also meant that respondents were sometimes aware they would receive a gift. Although this may have facilitated the recruitments of some persons, it may have affected negatively the composition of the sample."],"research_instrument":"Structured questionnaire\n\t\t\n\t\tThe MAFE surveys rely on two different questionnaires: household and biographic. The questionnaires are almost entirely identical from one country to another. The few differences consist in:\n- Cultural variables (religion, ethnic groups, matrimonial status etc.)\n- New questions introduced on fostered children in the MAFE Congo and MAFE Ghana biographic questionnaires (Module on Children)\n- The order of the questions relating to migration in the household questionnaire (Module A)\nThe Household Questionnaire:\n - Used only in African countries\n - Answered by a unique respondent who is usually the household head\n - Contains information on the members of the household (age, sex, education...) and also on people who live outside the household and who are related to it (head's children, partners living abroad, other relatives of the head or his\/her spouse who live abroad and with whom the household has been in touch within the last 12 months). The questionnaire includes a specific module aimed at obtaining contact information for each of the declared migrants. In addition, it contains specific modules on short migration histories, on relationships between each migrant and the household, and on housing conditions and owned assets. \n - Topics: socio-demographic variables of each individual, short migration histories, remittances, household assets, housing history\n - Available in French (MAFE-Senegal, MAFE-Congo) and English (MAFE-Ghana)\nThe Biographic Questionnaire:\n - Used in all African and European countries\n - Answered by the migrant him\/herself\n - Contains life histories of all the surveyed individuals, whatever their migratory status at the time of the survey (non-migrant, return migrant, current migrant). The questionnaire contains retrospective information on the following topics: dwelling, family, work, international migration of the interviewee (including attempts to migrate, return trips to Senegal, transit migration and legal status in foreign countries), migration history of the migrant's relatives (list of their stays abroad, including dates and country names), goods and assets, and remittances and contributions to associations in the country of origin. \n - A grid was used, jointly to the questionnaire, to help the interviewee to recall important dates of his\/her history\n - Topics: family formation, education and employment, housing, migration, investments (housing, business, community amenities or infrastructure)...\n - Available in French (MAFE-Senegal, MAFE-Congo), English (MAFE-Ghana), Italian and Spanish (MAFE-Senegal)","coll_situation":"The MAFE surveys collect information on potentially vulnerable populations (undocumented migrants) and on sensitive subjects (remittances, legal status\u2026). In order to facilitate the fieldwork and increase the quality of the data, it was important to carefully inform the people who were to be interviewed. \n\nThe legal pre-requisites changed according to the country. In France (only), a legal authorization had to be obtained before starting the fieldwork. The CNIL (Commission nationale informatique et libert\u00e9s) was concerned by the way the contacts were going to be obtained in Senegal and, most of all, by the sensitivity of certain variables contained in the questionnaires (ethnic group, religion). We obtained the authorization to ask these questions, but in order to keep them in our files, we had to ask to the interviewees to sign a written informed consent.\nAccording to legal prescriptions, in all European countries, a letter was designed to explain their rights to the interviewees. In Senegal, no specific document was designed.\n\nIn most countries, a leaflet was designed and used to sensitize respondents and authorities about the MAFE project.\n\nIn advance of the survey, several communication actions have been undertaken:\n- In Africa, inform neighbourhood heads \/ municipalities of survey by an official letter or by a visit\n- Use local radio \/ migrants radio and chat show to present the survey\n- Inform an organisation of migrants who can support the survey\n- Visit the key places of the community (churches\u2026)\n\nBecause of the complexity of the questionnaires, only interviewers with a good experience in complex surveys were recruited. \nIn African countries, it was highly recommended to hire the same interviewers to conduct both household surveys and individual surveys. This approach proved to be very efficient in all the surveys.\nIn Europe, interviewers had to be able both to recruit the migrants and to fill correctly the questionnaire. As a general rule, it was preferable to have a relatively small number of well-trained interviewers than a large number of interviewers.\nOverall, around 20 to 25 interviewers and supervisors were involved in data collection in each country.\n\nThe number of the interviewers per survey varied between 8 (survey among Ghanaians in the UK) and 17 (Netherlands). In all the countries, both male and females interviewers were hired; most of them had higher education and some experience with data collection. In some countries (e.g. France), some of them were professional interviewers. The selected interviewers were not necessarily from the same country as the respondents, but most of them also had foreign origins.\nFor instance, 7 of the 12 interviewers in Belgium were of foreign origin, 5 of them from DR Congo. In the Netherlands, most interviewers were from Ghanaian origin. The fact that many of the interviewers were themselves of foreign origin seemed to have positively influenced the willingness of interviewees to participate in the survey.\n\nDirectly after being filled, questionnaires were checked by the interviewers and supervisors. They were then sent to a small team of editors for an in-depth reading. The editors consisted of 9 people in Senegal, 6 in Ghana and 5 in DR Congo. The team had followed the same training as the interviewers, and also received a specific training for editing the questionnaires.\nData entry was performed using MS Access programs prepared by Ined.","weight":"SENEGAL\nThe computation of sampling weights relies on computing sampling probabilities at each stage. The product of sampling probabilities at each stage gives the overall sampling probability. Taking the inverse of the sampling probability gives the inflation factor. These factors are adjusted (taking into account non-response and by trimming the weights). They are then normalized, so that the sum of weights is equal to the sample size. \nThe initial \"household weighting\" takes into account the sampling probability of the DR and then the households. It was corrected by the non-response by multiplying it by the opposite of the rate of answer, estimated by strata of the DR and strata of the household (only available variables for the answering and non-answering households).\nThe initial \"individual weighting\" is equal to the product of the rectified household weight and of the opposite of the sampling probability in the household. It also has corrected by the non-response by multiplying it by the opposite of the rates of answer of the individuals, calculated by homogeneous groups obtained by logistic regression. The explanatory variables kept for this regression were the strata of the individual, sex, age, the size of the household, and the rank of contact.\n\nEUROPE\nIn the European countries, similar sample sizes were selected for males and females, resulting in an overrepresentation or underrepresentation in the MAFE samples. Similarly, older people were usually oversampled. For these reasons, post-stratification weights are computed to give each observation its proper weight and to match the samples as closely as possible to selected population characteristics.\nSenegalese migrants in France and Italy were selected using quota sampling with quotas set by age groups and sex, while the sample in Spain was a probabilistic sample from the population register, augmented by Senegalese respondents identified through contacts in the household survey in Senegal. Given this mix, weights for Spain were also computed by poststratification and not by computing sampling probabilities. \nThe procedure for constructing post-stratification weights in the case of MAFE-Senegal consisted of the following steps: \n - Computation of target population estimates \n - Computation of initial inflation weights \n - Computation of poststratification weight\n\nIn the MAFE data, all survey weights have been rescaled (normalized) so that the sum of weights corresponds to the sample sizes of households and individuals respectively while the mean of the weight variables equals one.\nFor further details about weights, please read the MAFE methodological note 6 entitled \"Sampling and Computation Weights in the MAFE Surveys\" (see related materials)."},"analysis_info":{"response_rate":"SENEGAL\n\nIn the MAFE Senegal survey, the quantitative objectives were not completely fulfilled:\n- The selected number of households was 1320 in Senegal, but only 1141 were successfully interviewed, including:\n- Non-migrant household : 458\n- Household with at least 1 returnee: 205\n- Household with at least 1 current migrant: 617\n- Household with returnee(s) and current migrant(s): 139\nThis represents a response rate of 86.4% (90% was expected).\n\nFor the biographic questionnaire, 1 387 individuals were selected, only 1 062 were interviewed, including:\n- Returnees: 193\n- Partners left behind: 101\n- Other non-migrants: 768\nAt the end, the drop was of 23.6%, while a drop of 10% was expected. \n\nThe overall response rate in Senegal is 66.1%.\n\nEUROPE\n600 Senegalese migrants were successfully interviewed: 200 in France, 198 in Spain, and 202 in Italy.","data_appraisal":"A methodological note entitled \"Sampling international migrants with origin-based snowballing method: New evidence on biases and limitations\", written by Cris Beauchemin and Amparo Gonz\u00e1lez-Ferrer, can be found in the study's related materials, as well as another methodological note in french \"Biais de non-r\u00e9ponse dans l'enqu\u00eate Migrations entre l'Afrique et l'Europe (MAFE-S\u00e9n\u00e9gal)\" written by Nicolas Razafindratsima, St\u00e9phane Legleye and Cris Beauchemin."}},"data_access":{"dataset_availability":{"access_place":"Quetelet Progedo Diffusion","access_place_uri":"http:\/\/quetelet.progedo.fr\/commander-des-donnees\/","original_archive":"DataLab - Service des Enqu\u00eates et Sondages - Ined","status":"FPR : Les Fichiers de Production et de Recherche (FPR) sont des donn\u00e9es pseudonymis\u00e9es dont l'acc\u00e8s n\u00e9cessite que le demandeur soit habilit\u00e9 par le Comit\u00e9 du secret statistique.","complete":"SENEGAL\nIn the three African countries, data entry started only after the end of data collection. \nIn Senegal, data entry was supervised by a member of the staff of IRD with a strong experience in data entry. That person worked in close collaboration with the local coordinator of the survey and with the Ined survey service, in charge of the data entry program. His role was to manage the questionnaires, to ensure troubleshooting with the data entry programs, and to run a consistency tests program. The program was run every night, and the data entry agents started the next day by correcting inconsistencies found by the program. When the errors were due to data collection (and not to data entry), the data collection coordinator was in charge of correcting it. On average, 7 questionnaires were entered per day per person.\n\nEUROPE\nData entry was done after the questionnaires had been corrected and coded.\nIn MAFE Senegal countries (France, Italy, Spain) a first version of the program developed at Ined in 2008 was used. While several problems were encountered at the beginning of data entry, they were quickly fixed. Most of the problems with the program were experienced by the French team, but Spain and Italy did not have major troubles. Another version of the program was developed for the second series of country.\nIn spite of the problems encountered during data collection, the data entry programs were overall very good and allowed the research teams to produce data files that are directly comparable.\nIn all the countries, consistency tests were performed at the end of data entry, using the program prepared by Ined. These programs allowed detecting inconsistencies due to errors during data entry, or that had gone unnoticed during the editing phase. These inconsistencies were corrected in the data base, and programs run again until no inconsistencies were left. Some difficulties were encountered with early versions of the program (some \u2018false errors' were identified), but most were quickly fixed by Ined."},"dataset_use":{"conf_dec":[{"txt":"Si la demande est accept\u00e9e, cela conduit \u00e0 la signature d'un engagement individuel \u00e0 destination de l'Ined, et d'un engagement de confidentialit\u00e9 \u00e0 destination du Comit\u00e9 du Secret Statistique. Ces engagements requi\u00e8rent :  \n\t\t-D'utiliser les donn\u00e9es exclusivement dans une finalit\u00e9 de recherche ;\n\t\t-De ne pas c\u00e9der ces donn\u00e9es, sous quelque forme que ce soit, \u00e0 une tierce personne, que ce soit \u00e0 titre gratuit ou on\u00e9reux ;\n\t\t-De traiter ces donn\u00e9es conform\u00e9ment aux r\u00e8gles de l'art et du secret statistique ;\n\t\t-De mentionner la source des donn\u00e9es dans mes communications, publications\u2026 conform\u00e9ment au mod\u00e8le de citation pour l'utilisation des donn\u00e9es (cf. ci-apr\u00e8s) ;\n\t\t-D'informer le diffuseur de mes communications, publications\u2026 et lui en faire parvenir les  r\u00e9f\u00e9rences ;\n\t\t-D'informer le diffuseur des constats relatifs \u00e0 la qualit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es ou \u00e0 leur difficult\u00e9 d'utilisation ;\n\t\t-D'informer le diffuseur de toute r\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es pour une autre recherche que celle sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9e ci-dessus ;\n\t\t-De d\u00e9truire les fichiers \u00e0 l'issue du travail de recherche ;\n\t\t-De respecter la r\u00e8glementation en mati\u00e8re de protection des donn\u00e9es personnelles.","required":"","form_no":"","uri":""}],"restrictions":"Les fichiers diffus\u00e9s dans le cadre de Quetelet-PROGEDO-Diffusion sont accessibles aux chercheurs fran\u00e7ais et \u00e9trangers, doctorants, post-doctorants, et \u00e9tudiants de master \u00e0 des fins de recherche, de production scientifique et dans certains cas d'enseignement. Toute utilisation commerciale est exclue.\n\t\tLes crit\u00e8res d'une finalit\u00e9 de recherche sont la production ou reproduction, dans un but de validation de connaissances nouvelles de port\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. Les r\u00e9sultats sont publics et libres de diffusion.","contact":[{"name":"BARON Julie","affiliation":"Ined","email":"enquetes@ined.fr","uri":""}],"cit_req":"Every user of the MAFE data must cite this paragraph in its publications:\nEnglish version : \"The MAFE project is coordinated by Ined (C. Beauchemin) and is formed, additionally by the Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (B. Schoumaker), Maastricht University (V. Mazzucato), the Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop (P. Sakho), the Universit\u00e9 de Kinshasa (J. Mangalu), the University of Ghana (P. Quartey), the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (P. Baizan), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (A. Gonz\u00e1lez-Ferrer), the Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull'Immigrazione (E. Castagnone), and the University of Sussex (R. Black). The MAFE project received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement 217206. The MAFE-Senegal survey was conducted with the financial support of Ined, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), the R\u00e9gion Ile de France and the FSP programme 'International Migrations, territorial reorganizations and development of the countries of the South'. For more details, see: http:\/\/www.mafeproject.com\/\"\nFrench version : \"Le projet MAFE est coordonn\u00e9 par l'Ined (C. Beauchemin), en partenariat avec l'Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (B. Schoumaker), la Maastricht University (V. Mazzucato), l'Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop (P. Sakho), l'Universit\u00e9 de Kinshasa (J. Mangalu), l'University of Ghana (P. Quartey), l'Universitat Pompeu Fabra (P. Baizan), le Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (A. Gonz\u00e1lez -Ferrer), le Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull'Immigrazione (E. Castagnone), et l'University of Sussex (R. Black). Le projet MAFE a re\u00e7u un financement du Septi\u00e8me Programme-Cadre de la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne (subvention 217206). L'enqu\u00eate MAFE-S\u00e9n\u00e9gal a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e gr\u00e2ce au soutien financier de l'Ined, de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche, de la r\u00e9gion Ile de France, et du programme FSP 'Migrations internationales, recompositions territoriales et d\u00e9veloppement dans les pays du Sud'. Pour plus d'information, voir : http:\/\/www.mafeproject.com\/\"\n\nIn addition, to refer to the survey design, the following documents can also be refered to:\nBeauchemin, C. (2012). Migrations between Africa and Europe: Rationale for a Survey Design. MAFE Methodological Note 5. Paris, Ined: 45.\nSchoumaker, B., C. Mezger, N. Razafindratsima and A. Bring\u00e9 (2013). Sampling and Computation Weights in the MAFE Surveys. MAFE Methodological Note 6: 73.\n\nThese MAFE methodological notes are available at: http:\/\/mafeproject.site.ined.fr\/en\/methodo\/methodological_notes\/","deposit_req":"Afin de fournir aux organismes producteurs l'information essentielle concernant l'utilisation des donn\u00e9es, les utilisateurs de donn\u00e9es sont tenus d'envoyer \u00e0 l'Ined (enquetes@ined.fr) publications r\u00e9alis\u00e9es \u00e0 partir de l'exploitation des donn\u00e9es de l'enqu\u00eate en envoyant la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence bibliographique et le r\u00e9sum\u00e9.","conditions":"L'acceptation de la demande faite sur le portail de commande de Quetelet-PROGEDO-Diffusion d\u00e9pend du statut de l'utilisateur, de la pr\u00e9sence d'une adresse e-mail institutionnelle et d'un projet de recherche. Si la demande est accept\u00e9e, cela conduit \u00e0 la signature d'un engagement individuel \u00e0 destination de l'Ined, et d'un engagement de confidentialit\u00e9 \u00e0 destination du Comit\u00e9 du Secret Statistique. Si les donn\u00e9es sont analys\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re collective, tous les membres du groupe de travail doivent faire une demande d'acc\u00e8s.","disclaimer":"L'Ined ne peut \u00eatre tenu responsable des interpr\u00e9tations ou d\u00e9ductions faites \u00e0 partir de l'utilisation des donn\u00e9es."}}},"schematype":"survey"}